大田原综合征介绍

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病因:部分可有脑结构异常(如脑穿通畸形、半侧巨脑征、Aicardi综合征、无脑回畸形、局灶性皮层发育不良等)、基因突变(如 STXBP1 (约占10-15%)、 SLC25A22 CDKL5 ARX KCNQ2 SCN2A GABRA1 CASK KCNT1 SCN8A GABRB2AARSBRAT1CACNA2D2GNAO1NECAP1PIGAPIGQSIK1等)或代谢异常(如 线粒体病 、非酮症性高甘氨酸血症、 吡哆醇(维生素B6)依赖性癫痫 磷酸吡哆醇(胺)氧化酶缺乏症 、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶缺乏等),三者之间可有交叉重叠[1-13]。

发病年龄:生后3个月内发病(多数在生后10天左右发病)。

发作特点:主要为强直痉挛发作(可不对称),部分可有局灶运动性发作,一般很少会有肌阵挛发作(注意需要和 早期肌阵挛脑病 加以鉴别),部分患儿后期会转变为 West 综合征

脑电图表现发作间期:有 爆发抑制 (清醒和睡眠持续存在)。发作期:强直痉挛发作时可有高波幅慢波爆发,而后出现弥漫性低电压,如有局灶运动性发作时也可以有局灶性节律性放电 [14]。

头颅磁共振表现:部分可有脑结构发育异常,部分也可早期正常,后期出现萎缩等非特异性改变。

发育情况:常有严重发育落后。

:考虑到 大田原综合征 早期肌阵挛脑病 在电临床方面具有较多的重叠,而且具有相似的潜在病因,对两者进一步区分不能再为临床决策或预后提供有价值的信息,2022年国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)已将 大田原综合征 早期肌阵挛脑病 都归类到早期婴儿发育性和癫痫性脑病(early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, EIDEE)中[15]。 

早期婴儿发育性和癫痫性脑病诊断[15]

必须具备的条件:强直和/或肌阵挛性癫痫发作;脑电图发作间期要有爆发抑制图形或多灶性放电,要有弥漫性慢波;出生3个月内起病(早产儿为纠正胎龄后);癫痫发作前或出现不久后就有发育障碍;整个病程中有神经发育异常,包括智力障碍。

需警惕可能不是的情况:起病前发育正常(当然回顾性评价有时较困难);神经系统检查正常(回顾性评价有时较困难,患儿频繁的发作以及抗癫痫药物治疗也会影响检查结果)。

参考文献
  1. Stamberger, H., et al., STXBP1 encephalopathy: A neurodevelopmental disorder including epilepsy.Neurology, 2016. 86(10): p. 954-62.
  2. McTague, A., et al., The genetic landscape of the epileptic encephalopathies of infancy and childhood. Lancet Neurol, 2016. 15(3): p. 304-16.
  3. Pavone, P., et al., Ohtahara syndrome with emphasis on recent genetic discovery.Brain Dev, 2012. 34(6): p. 459-68.
  4. Giordano, L., et al., Familial Ohtahara syndrome due to a novel ARX gene mutation.Am J Med Genet A, 2010.152A(12): p. 3133-7.
  5. Kato, M., et al., Clinical spectrum of early onset epileptic encephalopathies caused by KCNQ2 mutation.Epilepsia, 2013. 54(7): p. 1282-7.
  6. Touma, M., et al., Whole genome sequencing identifies SCN2A mutation in monozygotic twins with Ohtahara syndrome and unique neuropathologic findings.Epilepsia, 2013. 54(5): p. e81-5.
  7. Kodera, H., et al., De novo GABRA1 mutations in Ohtahara and West syndromes.Epilepsia, 2016. 57(4): p. 566-73.
  8. Saitsu, H., et al., CASK aberrations in male patients with Ohtahara syndrome and cerebellar hypoplasia. Epilepsia, 2012. 53( 8 ): p. 1441-9.
  9. Yang, Y., et al., Phenotypic spectrum of patients with GABRB2 variants: from mild febrile seizures to severe epileptic encephalopathy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2020. 62(10): p. 1213-1220.
  10. Saitsu, H., et al., Compound heterozygous BRAT1 mutations cause familial Ohtahara syndrome with hypertonia and microcephaly. J Hum Genet, 2014. 59(12): p. 687-90.
  11. Gertler, T., et al., KCNT1-Related Epilepsy, in GeneReviews((R)), M.P. Adam, et al., Editors. 1993: Seattle (WA).
  12. Martin, H.C., et al., Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis. Hum Mol Genet, 2014. 23(12): p. 3200-11.
  13. Alsahli, S., W. Al-Twaijri, and F. Al Mutairi, Confirming the pathogenicity of NECAP1 in early onset epileptic encephalopathy. Epilepsia Open, 2018. 3(4): p. 524-527.
  14. 李世绰.  临床诊疗指南, 癫痫病分册. 第2版.  北京 : 人民卫生出版社, 2015.
  15. Zuberi, S.M., et al., ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia, 2022.
25 May 2022 10:51 #1

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