婴儿癫痫性痉挛综合征介绍

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包含了原先的West 综合征和有出现癫痫性痉挛但不符合West 综合征所有标准的婴儿(以前的West 综合征需要满足有癫痫性痉挛、脑电高度失律和发育落后三联征,而IESS可以缺少其中一条标准,比如可以没有明显的发育落后或者没有明显的高度失律)[36]

注:以前的West 综合征也常被作为婴儿痉挛(infantile spasms, IS)的同义词,但婴儿痉挛(用癫痫性痉挛来代替更合理,常见于West 综合征但并非为其所特有的癫痫发作类型)作为一种癫痫发作类型来描述更合适 [21]
 
病因: 围产期或生后的损伤、中枢神经系统的感染、本身脑结构的异常、染色体异常(如 Down 综合征 Miller-Dieker 综合征 )或基因突变(如 ARX CALN1 CASK CD99L2 CDKL5 CLCN6CYFIP1CYFIP2HUWE1KMT2D SPTAN1 STXBP1 TSC1 TSC2 TBC1D24 TCF4 SCN1A SCN2A 、SETBP1SIK1ST3GAL3 KCNQ2 GABRA1 GNAO1 KCNB1 FOXG1 FGF12 GABRB1GABRB2 GABRB3 GRIN1 GRIN2A 、GRIN2BGLYCTKGNB1GPT2IARS2MAG12MEF2CMTORMYO18AALG13、IQSEC2WDR45SCA2SLC1A4SLC25A22SLC35A2、 UBA5 ATP2A2 ATP6V1A GNB1 RARS2 、DOCK7、DNM1NEDD4LNDPNOS3NRXN1 NSD1 PHACTR1PIGA PLCB1 PTENPURAWWOX、 DYNC1H1 DCX PAFAH1B1 、RYR1、RYR2、RYR3、TAF1、TECTA、 TUBA1A 等)、代谢异常(如苯丙酮尿症、 吡哆醇(维生素B6)依赖性癫痫 Menkes病 等),各病因之间可有交叉重叠,如 TSC1 TSC2 基因的突变同时也可以引起脑部结构的异常[1-20, 23-35]。

发病年龄:多在生后3-12个月内发病(高峰期为生后5个月左右),有一部分患儿可从 大田原综合征 (OS)或其它早发性癫痫(常有局灶性发作)转变而来,也有一部分患儿在2-4岁左右会演变为 Lennox-Gastaut综合征 (LGS)。

发作特点:主要是癫痫性痉挛发作(多数在清醒中发生(睡醒后或入睡前较常见),当然睡眠中也可以有,突发的响声或触觉刺激容易诱发,但光刺激往往不会),可表现为屈曲型(多见,经典的表现为点头拥抱样动作),也可仅表现为伸展型(少见),或者屈曲-伸展混合型(多见,可以颈部、躯干及上肢屈曲,但下肢伸直),有时发作后常伴有哭闹或大笑,刻板成串发作的表现是一个很重要的特点,有时一些轻微的痉挛发作时可仅表现为反复短暂的眼球偏转、撇嘴、挤眼、轻微点头、肢体“紧一下”或瞬间凝视等,有时即使超高清的视频都很难看得清楚,但有些家属抱着的时候却往往能感受的到,做视频脑电时同时安装对应部位的肌电很重要。此外有些癫痫性痉挛发作也可以表现为双侧不对称,或仅累及一侧肢体或某一局限部位,这种的往往提示脑内可能有局部的致痫病灶。另外特别是病程后期有些也可以有孤立性的痉挛发作(这种临床上很难和肌阵挛以及短暂的强直发作鉴别,需结合同步脑电、肌电以及临床表现来综合判断)[22]。

脑电图表现:发作间期:脑电图可有 高度失律 (睡眠中往往更明显,可间断出现)。发作期:典型的 癫痫性痉挛发作 脑电表现可分为3个时相:1、短暂广泛性低-中波幅快波活动(有时可缺如或复合在下一时相的慢波中);2、广泛性高波幅多位相慢波,有时慢波的下降支可有一个非常深的正向偏转(对应痉挛收缩的症状);3、弥漫性电压压低(有时可不明显)。在1-2岁后,有一部分患儿脑电可演变为广泛同步的棘(尖)慢综合波发放,睡眠中常有快节律爆发,提示可能转变为 Lennox-Gastaut 综合征 (LGS),也有一部分患儿在高度失律消退后,遗留枕区的局限性的尖(棘)慢综合波,另有一部分后期也可以转变为其它部位的局灶性放电,也存在一部分恢复正常的。

头颅磁共振表现:部分可有脑结构的异常,也可以是正常的。

发育情况:整体发育落后(个体之间存在一定差异,主要还是和本身病因密切相关,也存在少数控制住了后面发育下去也都还好的有时也能见到)。

治疗

2022年英国国家卫生和临床优化研究所(NICE)癫痫指南

一线治疗:给予大剂量泼尼松( 用量计算 )联合 氨己烯酸 口服(对于激素有高风险的患儿以及 结节性硬化 所致的婴儿癫痫性痉挛综合征可仅给予 氨己烯酸 单药治疗)(注:2012年版的NICE癫痫指南当时还有提到的还是类固醇(泼尼松或tetracosactide(ACTH的类似物)或氨己烯酸作为一线治疗,最新的2022年版已未再提及ACTH,直接是大剂量泼尼松联合氨己烯酸作为一线治疗))。

二线治疗:对于一线治疗不成功的,可以考虑以下药物作为单药或添加治疗:生酮饮食、 左乙拉西坦 硝西泮 丙戊酸钠 托吡酯 。 

2015年中国临床诊疗指南癫痫病分册

一线药物:类固醇(包括ACTH( 用量计算 )和泼尼松( 用量计算 ))、 氨己烯酸

可考虑添加的药物 托吡酯 丙戊酸 氯硝西泮 拉莫三嗪

2022年国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)关于婴儿癫痫性痉挛综合征诊断标准 [36]:

必须具备的条件:屈肌、伸肌或混合性癫痫痉挛,常成串出现;发作间期脑电可表现为高度失律、多灶或局灶性癫痫样放电(可能在痉挛发作出现后很快看到);发病年龄在1-24个月龄(虽然癫痫性痉挛发作出现在更晚年龄的也有,但这种不能算婴儿痉挛综合征);痉挛发作出现后出现发育减慢,但在病程早期可能不明显(对于已经存在严重发育障碍的儿童中很难确定)。

需警惕可能不是的情况:发作间期脑电图正常或表现为爆发-抑制图形;在1-2个月起病。

排除标准:对于疑似痉挛发作的发作期脑电图表现为正常。

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25 May 2022 11:03 #1

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